By deriving the Hubble constant as a 2.2686*10-18 acceleration in the rate of proper time (the time within each of us), rather than as an acceleration through space (or as due to an expansion
of space),
and adding that acceleration to the time elements of Einstein's Tensor, we complete General
Relativity, eliminating Big Bangs and Crunches, infinite expansions (accelerating or not) and "Dark Energy". The acceleration manifests a time dilation gradient looking outward so older frames are also slower frames until a 1 s/s
difference is reached, a "Limit of Relativity", at the cosmological horizon, where time appears to stop, the same effect we would see with a recessional velocity of c, which a Hubble constant
of 70 Mps/sec indicates occurs at ~13.9+ Gly, just beyond the currently accepted Cosmological Horizon at ~13.8 Gly.
The proof of this acceleration is in evey plant that grows upward against gravity. It is not possible to move against gravity without acceleration.
This paper is a major expansion of the original version first published as #21 in Vol. 26, on 29 July 2019. It now contains the time dilation formulas, where To = the time dilation factor, for
Planetary/Moon, V = {c*sqrt{1-To}}, and Galactic rotation, V = {c*sqrt{1-To}/sqrt{3}}, velocities, and the Vis-Viva formula, which means the paper provides the time dilation
formulas for all gravitationally induced velocities in the universe. Other formulas are for the force in time in Newtons, the mass inside a stellar circle, the Hamiltonian, and more, showing the
direct relationship between time dilation and velocity, with no need of the Gravitational constant, G.)
Time dilation formulas for stellar system orbital, and galactic rotation, velocities are derived from the gravitational time dilation and Vis-Viva formulas, as is the force in time from Newton's
gravitational formula, the Hamiltonian and other formulas. The galactic and planetary orbital velocities are explained mathematically through a proper application of time dilation within the continuum,
rather than Newtonian physics in space, demonstrating that these velocities are merely compensation for the slower rates of time in masses in a continuum evolving forward overall at c.
The James Webb telescope discovery of galaxies CEERS-93316, z =
16.7, and GLASSz-13, z = 13.0, is proof of the validity of this model of the
universe, as is LIGOíS Sept. 14, 2015 detection of a "gravity wave", and a proof of the nature of the evolving continuum is IBEX failing to find a shock wave
at the edge of the heliopause as expected, as also might be the "dead zone" discovered by Pioneer 1.
As Einstein's Tensor is solely based on the time elements he calls his "energy components", only the effects in time are considered in this paper. Though it is noted that although the stress-energy
tensor is not considered here, it is also scaled by the time elements, T44.
All space evolves forward with time in the forward direction of time. This is the evolving spacetime (quantum) continuum. The evolution of time is the primary, irresistible, force in the
universe, as all space, and the spatial densities within, must evolve forward with the passage of time. This is the Fundamental Direction and Rate of Evolution, herein represented by Einstein's
Fundamental Metric, which is the basis of the tensors describing a null gravitational field.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle allows for random fluctuations in time and when dilation gradients are introduced, we also see an evolution of events down gradient, a Gravitational Direction and
Rate of Evolution. Although relativistic, it is an irresistible force in time just like the Fundamental Direction of Evolution. This is why gravity only has one direction and why it
overpowers all the other forces, even though it seems so weak. So even though GR is based on the Equivalence Principle, the constancy of c and Lorentz transformations, the apparent effects of the time
elements also appear to manifest as a virtual flow in the forward direction of time down gravitational fields (dilation gradients) from areas of faster time.
Dilation creates a density at the faster end due to contraction to maintain c and there is an increase in energy and pressure due to an increase in frequency. As the densities and motion appear when a
dilation gradient is introduced, we see the manifestation of energy in the Kinetic form. Gravity then magnifies that energy by evolving the density down gradient into slower areas of time,
giving the photons a greater relative frequency, energy and, therefore, mass.
When the energy densities impede at the central focus of a spherical dilation gradient, the kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy through pressure.
The GDE can only manifest orthogonal to the FDE as there is no space ahead of or behind the evolving continuum for the dilation gradient to appear in. The resultant of these two directions of evolution
results in the curvature in evolution as per GR as the spacetime (here-in also quantum) continuum evolves forward.
We have 2 event horizons we appear to evolve between where time appears to stop and we find a transition from timelike to lightlike to spacelike. We apparently evolve toward the event horizon of the
galactic MECO (latest "black hole" advancement) and away from the outer, cosmic, horizon.
The passage of proper time within our own, living, inertial frames
has an acceleration aspect of ~2.2686*10 -18 s/s that manifests the Hubble shift through time dilation in older frames. The proof that the ~2.2686*10 -18 s/s
acceleration in the inertial frame exists is in the fact that life forms grow up, against the GDE and gravity; against the gravitational forward direction of time. It is evident in every plant. A
particle cannot move against gravity without acceleration. This manifests the same 1 s/s difference at ~13.9 Gly looking outwards that we find at the event horizon of a MECO. This acceleration eliminates
singularities and infinite expansions when added to the time elements of Einstein's field equations. This is why we do not see
MECO's as singularities. They are just ever-deepening spiral vortices with empty space at the center.
In both directions, past and future, there is a "Limit of Relativity" when the difference in the rate of time is 1 s/s because time appears to stop and no events are visible. It is not possible to get
to a place where time stops, so both of these event horizons retreat when approached and the dilation gradient shifts, so if the 1 s/s limit is considered the edge of the universe, MECO's are gateways
to other universes without end.
The origin of spacetime is explained. This is a new continuum-based model based on time dilation that eliminates LamdaCDM, CDM and Dark Energy.
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